Articles

These articles answer frequently asked questions or shed light on little known topics within the fields of piezoelectric ceramics and hydrophones & transducers.

This library contains non-technical articles on topics arising from all aspects of our operations. The content generally requires no technical expertise and avoids mathematical equations altogether. However, some background knowledge or experience is assumed.

Navy Type PZT Classifications

The Navy Type PZT classifications defined in MIL-STD-1376B have been the standard for lead zirconate titanate materials for several decades. This article examines what is and what is not specified in the standard. Additionally, it briefly discusses variations in comparable(...)

Usable Frequency Range of a Hydrophone

Piezoelectric receivers (e.g. hydrophones) generally have a much wider usable frequency range than acoustic / ultrasonic transmitters. This article explains why and looks at how different manufacturers specify the usable range of a hydrophone. Origins of the Piezoelectric Receiver The first practical application(...)