Our publications cover a range of topics relating to piezoelectric ceramics, transducers and hydrophones. They are written for readers of differing technical backgrounds and are grouped accordingly. Stay tuned for technical notes as we add them to our site.
The piezoelectric effect involves the interaction between the electrical and mechanical behaviour of a material. The material constants below describe that interaction. The direction of polarization is generally designated as the z-axis of an orthogonal crystallographic system. Material characteristics depend on the direction of the applied electric field, displacement, stress, and strain....
Piezoelectric receivers (e.g. hydrophones) generally have a much wider usable frequency range than acoustic / ultrasonic transmitters. This article explains why and looks at how different manufacturers specify the usable range of a hydrophone. ORIGINS OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC RECEIVER The first practical application of piezoelectric materials was in underwater sonar. That system was designed...
The Navy Type PZT classifications defined in MIL-STD-1376B have been the standard for lead zirconate titanate materials for several decades. This article examines what is and what is not specified in the standard. Additionally, it briefly discusses variations in comparable materials from different manufacturers and their implications when switching vendors or adding an alternate piezoelectric...
This PDF library contains publications from the R&D department. Our research is broad so the papers cover a very wide range of subjects, including properties of various piezoelectric ceramics, hydrophone and sonar applications, smart structures, active vibration control and actuators. These papers tend to be highly technical. Design, Modeling and Closed Loop Control of a […]